Eye melanoma, also known as ocular melanoma, is a rare type of cancer that develops in the cells that produce pigment in the eye. It most commonly arises in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, and is called uveal melanoma. Although the exact cause is unclear, risk factors include light eye color, older age, excessive UV exposure, and certain genetic mutations. Unlike skin melanoma, eye melanoma often goes unnoticed in its early stages as it may not cause obvious symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include blurred vision, a visible dark spot on the iris, flashes of light, or vision loss.
Diagnosis of eye melanoma typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, ultrasound imaging, fluorescein angiography, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor and may include radiation therapy, laser therapy, or surgery, including removal of the eye in severe cases. Early detection is vital, as the cancer can spread to other parts of the body, particularly the liver. Prognosis varies; while some patients can be effectively treated, metastatic eye melanoma can be life-threatening. Regular eye check-ups can help with early identification and improve treatment outcomes.
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